The Millennium Problems for Biology

The article proposes three major scientific challenges for biology analogous to the Millennium Prize Problems in mathematics: demonstrating the laboratory emergence of self-replicating cells from chemical precursors, cryopreserving and recovering whole mice with high viability, and creating an enzyme capable of reverse-translating arbitrary peptide sequences into DNA or RNA. Each challenge includes specific technical requirements and success criteria that would represent significant breakthroughs in understanding life's origins, preservation technology, and the central dogma of molecular biology.