Mathematics of Geothermal Energy

Mathematicians and engineers use various models, including Lagrangian–Eulerian flow and stochastic models, to optimize the extraction of geothermal energy from the Earth's interior, which is generated by planetary formation and radioactive decay. Geothermal energy can be harnessed for heating systems or electricity generation through steam turbines, with the best sites located along tectonic plate boundaries like the Ring of Fire where geothermal gradients are highest. Despite advantages such as low emissions and reliability compared to other renewables, geothermal energy adoption has been slow due to high capital costs and perceived site limitations, though renewed interest is growing amid climate change concerns.