Bytecode-to-Source Mapping

The article explains how to efficiently map bytecode offsets back to source code line numbers in virtual machines. It compares a naive approach of storing one line number per bytecode byte with run-length encoding, which groups consecutive bytes from the same source line and reduces memory from O(n) to O(r) space. For sequential traversal during disassembly, a one-pass algorithm achieves optimal O(n) time complexity, while arbitrary lookups require O(r) linear search time.